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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and genotype distribution of enterovirus (EV) in influenza-negative influenza-like illness (ILI) cases in Chongqing, and to provide a scientific basis for EV prevention and control. Methods Throat swab samples of influenza-negative ILI cases were collected from surveillance sites. The samples were detected for EV using real-time RT-PCR. The VP4 regions of positive samples were amplified and sequenced for genotyping. Results A total of 3 960 influenza-negative ILI samples were collected from January to December 2021, and 316 (7.98%) of them were EV-positive. EV could be detected in influenza-negative ILI cases in Chongqing all year round. The months with high EV-positive rates were January (11.60%), April (10.56%), May (11.79%), June (12.62%), and July (10.33%). There was a statistically significant difference in the detection rate of EV in ILI cases in different regions, gender, and age groups (χ2=29.647，χ2=4.192，χ2=69.176，P<0.05). A total of 213 EV-positive cases were successfully genotyped, including 17 genotypes of EV-A, EV-B, and EV-C and 5 genotypes of HRV-B. The dominant genotypes were CV-A4 (32.86%), CV-A2 (23.00%), CA-6 (12.21%), and CA-10 (11.74%). EV-D and novel EV were not identified in this study. Conclusion EV is an important pathogen in ILI cases in Chongqing. The prevalence of EV in ILI cases in Chongqing has typical regional, seasonal and population characteristics. Prevention and control should be carried out in Chongqing according to the epidemic characteristics of EV.
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Objective:To investigate the characteristics and change law of influenza in Fuling District of Chongqing in 2010-2019, and to provide a scientific basis for the pre-control of influenza.Methods:We performed an epidemiological analysis on the data of influenza-like illness reported by Fuling District influenza surveillance sentinel hospitals in Chongqing in 2010-2019.Results:In 2010-2019, a total of 42 169 cases of influenza-like illness were reported in Fuling District, with an average treatment rate of 1.22%. The activity of influenza-like illness peaked in winter, spring, and summer. There were 22 788 cases in the group of cases aged < 5 years, accounting for 50.4%. In 2010-2019, a total of 8049 pharyngeal swabs were collected to screen for influenza-like illness, with a positive rate of 14.52%. Influenza virus A H3 positive rate was highest, accounting for 37.98%, followed by influenza virus B BV positive rate, accounting for 30.80%. The highest influenza virus-positive rate was reported in January (26.34%), followed by November (24.85%).Conclusion:Influenza in the Fuling district of Chongqing mainly occurs in winter, spring, and summer. Influenza virus A H3 is the dominant strain. Children and school students are prone to develop influenza-like illnesses. We should continue to strengthen the monitoring of influenza strains, greatly promote vaccination, and strengthen the monitoring and prevention of influenza-like illness among susceptible populations.
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Objective To analyze the distribution and epidemiological characteristics of influenza pathogens in Huai’an City from 2017-2019, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of influenza. Methods The influenza-like illness (ILI) and outbreaks data was collected from China Influenza Surveillance Information System from 2017 to 2019. A descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the influenza data. Results A total of 103 082 ILI cases were reported in Huai’an City from 2017 to 2019, accounting for 8.96% of the total outpatient and emergency department visits. Winter and spring were the seasons for the high incidence of influenza, and children under 15 years old were the key population with high incidence. A total of 37 influenza outbreaks occurred in the city, with 774 reported cases. The epidemics mainly occurred in kindergartens, elementary schools, and junior high schools. There were 6,730 samples tested in the laboratory, 1,093 were positive for nucleic acid test, and the positive rate was 16.24%. Of the 1,093 positive samples, 417 were tested positive for H1N1 type, accounting for 38.15%; 251 were positive for seasonal H3 type, accounting for 22.96%; 274 were positive for Victoria subtype, accounting for 25.07%; and 151 were positive for Yamagata subtype, accounting for 13.82%. The types of dominant influenza strains alternated, and sometimes several types of influenza viruses coexisted. Conclusion Influenza often occurs in schools and has obvious seasonality. It is recommended that high-risk groups be vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza vaccine.
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ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics and incidence trend of influenza-like illness in Xuhui District from 2010 to 2019， in order to understand the patterns of influenza epidemic of Xuhui District，and to provide evidence for the prevention and control of influenza in the future. MethodsSurveillance data of influenza-like illness （ILI） in Xuhui District from 2010 to 2019 were collected from the National Influenza Surveillance System for statistical description and trend analysis. ResultsFrom 2010 to 2019， the overall proportion of influenza-like illness was 0.54%. The annual proportions of ILI were between 0.35%~1.14%．The majority of cases were reported in age group of 25~59， accounted for 54.50% of the total ILI. A total of 9 053 throat swab specimens from ILI patients were collected and tested， from which 2 137 specimens were positive， with a positive rate of 23.61%. The most frequent subtype of influenza virus detected was influenza A virus （accounting for 67.62%）. The proportion of ILI and the positive rate of influenza virus nucleic acid detection reached the peak in summer and winter over time. There was a positive correlation between the proportion of ILI and the positive rate of influenza （r=0.666， P<0.01）. From 2010 to 2019， both ILI% and nucleic acid positive rate of influenza virus showed a downward trend. ConclusionThe incidence of influenza shows a downward trend in Xuhui District， with two peaks in summer and winter. The most susceptible individuals are in 25~59 age group. The dominant strains of influenza virus alternate regularly， influenza A（H3N2） dominate the summer epidemic peak while the epidemic peak in winter is dominated by influenza A（H1N1） and influenza B.
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ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics and incidence trend of influenza-like illness in Xuhui District from 2010 to 2019， in order to understand the patterns of influenza epidemic of Xuhui District，and to provide evidence for the prevention and control of influenza in the future. MethodsSurveillance data of influenza-like illness （ILI） in Xuhui District from 2010 to 2019 were collected from the National Influenza Surveillance System for statistical description and trend analysis. ResultsFrom 2010 to 2019， the overall proportion of influenza-like illness was 0.54%. The annual proportions of ILI were between 0.35%~1.14%．The majority of cases were reported in age group of 25~59， accounted for 54.50% of the total ILI. A total of 9 053 throat swab specimens from ILI patients were collected and tested， from which 2 137 specimens were positive， with a positive rate of 23.61%. The most frequent subtype of influenza virus detected was influenza A virus （accounting for 67.62%）. The proportion of ILI and the positive rate of influenza virus nucleic acid detection reached the peak in summer and winter over time. There was a positive correlation between the proportion of ILI and the positive rate of influenza （r=0.666， P<0.01）. From 2010 to 2019， both ILI% and nucleic acid positive rate of influenza virus showed a downward trend. ConclusionThe incidence of influenza shows a downward trend in Xuhui District， with two peaks in summer and winter. The most susceptible individuals are in 25~59 age group. The dominant strains of influenza virus alternate regularly， influenza A（H3N2） dominate the summer epidemic peak while the epidemic peak in winter is dominated by influenza A（H1N1） and influenza B.
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ABSTRACT Background: Influenza continues to drive seasonal morbidity, particularly in settings with low vaccine coverage. Objectives: To describe the influenza cases and viral circulation among hospitalized patients. Methods: A prospective study based on active surveillance of inpatients with influenza-like illness from a tertiary hospital in Bucharest, Romania, in the season 2016/17. Results: A total of 446 patients were tested, with a balanced gender distribution. Overall, 192 (43%) patients tested positive for influenza, with the highest positivity rate in the age groups 3-13 years and >65 years. Peak activity occurred between weeks 1 and 16/2017, with biphasic distribution: A viruses were replaced by B viruses from week 9/2017; B viruses predominated (66.1%). Among the 133 (69.3%) subtyped samples, all influenza A were subtype H3 (n = 57) and all influenza B were B/Victoria (n = 76). Patients who tested positive for influenza presented fewer comorbidities (p = 0.012), except for the elderly, in whom influenza was more common in patients with comorbidities (p = 0.050). Disease evolution was generally favorable under antiviral treatment. The length of hospital stay was slightly longer in patients with influenza-like illness who tested patients negative for influenza (p = 0.031). Conclusions: Distinctive co-circulation of A/H3 and B/Victoria in Bucharest, Romania in the 2016/17 influenza season was found. While the A/H3 subtype was predominant throughout Europe that season, B/Victoria appears to have circulated specifically in Romania and the Eastern European region, predominantly affecting preschoolers and school children.
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Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Seasons , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Epidemiological Monitoring , Influenza A virus/isolation & purification , Influenza B virus/isolation & purification , Romania/epidemiology , Time Factors , Comorbidity , Population Surveillance , Mass Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , Prospective Studies , Age Distribution , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/pathology , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/virology , Influenza, Human/pathology , Influenza, Human/virology , Tertiary Care Centers/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
In order to investigate the species and categorization of Gasterophilus in Ili horse.We analysised the COI gene of the identified Gasterophilus dominant species and constructed NJ phylogenetic tree in the study.The results showed that infection rate was 100％ in total of 16 775 the third phase Gasterophilus instar larvae.Four Gasterophilus species were identified,and showed serious mix infections.Dominant species were Gasterophilus nasalis,its relative dominance were 53.17％,and prefer to live in the cardia,others to irregular live in the pylorus of the horses.COI gene homology of GasterophiIus nasalis,Gasterophilus intestinalis,Gasterophilus pecorum,Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis (GenBank Accession No.:GU265752.1,KR230402.1,KU578262.1,KT946620.1) were 99％,99％,99％ and 100％ respectively.Phylogenetic analysis results showed that the data were clustered with the Gasterophilus app.which publshed on the GenBank.G.intestinalis and G.haemorrhoidalis cluster together first,and then cluster with G.nasalis,at last all three kinds of Gasterophilus cluster with G.pecorum.When the COI gene is the target,in-group and out-group of the Gasterophilus can forms an independent evolutionary branch.This study provides useful parameters for the classification of Gasterophilus.
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Background & objectives: Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) accounts for a significant proportion of lower respiratory tract infections in children as well as adults. This study was done to detect the presence of different subtypes of HPIV from patients having influenza like illness (ILI). Methods: Throat and nasal swabs from 232 patients with ILI who were negative for influenza viruses were tested by multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(mRT-PCR) for the detection of human parainfluenza virus. All samples were inoculated in rhesus monkey kidney (LLC-MK2) cell line. Results: Of the 232 samples, 26(11.2%) were positive by mRT-PCR and nine (34.6%) showed cytopathic effect with syncytium formation for HPIV and all were HPIV-3 serotype, other serotypes like 1,2,4 were negative. The HPIV-3 strains (HN gene) were sequenced and analysed. Two novel mutations were identified at amino acid residues 295 and 297. Interpretation & conclusions: The mRT-PCR assay offers a rapid, sensitive and accurate diagnostic method for detection of HPIV which enables early detection and control. In our study there was a predominance of HPIV among 1-5 yr age group and the school going age group was less affected. Further studies need to be done to characterize HPIV isolated from different parts of the country.
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Objective To observe the epidemiology characterization of Borna disease virus (BDV) in animal brain in Ili, Xinjiang, and to find out the potential infection of the Borna disease virus to prevent its outbreak. Methods The BDV p24 gene of animal brain tissues in Ili including 200 horses, 75 donkeys and 100 shepherd dogs was detected by fluorescence quantitative nest reverse transcriptase polymer-ase chain reaction(FQ-nRT-PCR). GFP-p24,pMD-19 plasmid contamination was excluded from positive products. Clone sequencing was used to analyze the homology of gene and amino acid sequence. Results BDV p24 gent was found in 3 Ili horses, 4 Ili donkeys and 9 shepherd dogs, and the positive ratio is 1.5%, 5.3% and 9.0%, respectively. The GFP-p24,pMD-19 were not found in BDV p40 gene and plasmid stand-ard. The sequence of BDV p24 amplification production was totally the same as He/80 virus strain. Conclu-sion Natural infection of BDV may exist in the animals(horses, donkeys and dogs)in Ili, and the epidem-ic strain of BDV in this area was homological as He/80 virus strain.
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Objective To investigate the effects of different concentrations of glutnine(Gln) on the procfion of nitric oxide (NO)and reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential in rat heputocytesactivated in by interleukin(IL)-1β.Method The primary cultured rat hepatocytes with high-purity Wfffe isolated from 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley raL, by flirt in situ circulatory collagenase peffusion method.After incubation for hours.hepatocytes were stimulated by saline,or IL-l(1 nmol/L)or IL-I(1 mnol/L)combined with gIne in concentrations rangiIfrom 2 to 10 mmol/L.The culture muln and hepatocytes were collected at 24 hours after stimulation.The concentrations of alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and NO in the lnllln were detected by biochemical methods.The mitochondrial membrane potential of the hepatocytes was detected with flow cytometry after incubated with fluorescem probe JC-1.Statistic package ofSPSS 11.5 was used for the data analysand significant differences between mean8 were evaluated byQ、4k analysis.Results The average concentration ofand NOinthe culturemedium afterIL-Istimulationwas 38.2U/L and 72.7tmaol/L,respectively,whichwere sis,cantly big,herthanthose ofcontrol group(7.4 U/L and41.7nol/L,respectively,P<0.01).1hemitochondrial membrane potential ofhepatocytes in IL-lgroup was much lowerthan that in control group(30.O%vs.62.8%.P<0.01).Gin inhibited NO production induced byⅡ,lp,Jeleasing and reduction in mitochondrial II brahetential ofcuhured rat hepatocytes in a dose-dependent HmIll.Conclusions Ghtamine,the most abundant free amino acid in the body,call attenuate hepatocye injury mechateel in vitro by pro-inflammatory cytokine mediated.nlis protective effectmay be associatedwiththeinhibition of NO production and thereby amelioration of mitochondrialfunction.
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Influenza is an important public health problem in almost every winter of temperate countries, and is often associated with increased rates of hospitalization and death. In 1999, we started influenza surveillance with 4 voluntary sentinel physicians and the Public Health Center. From 1999 through 2003, 74 influenza viruses were isolated from 738 clinical specimens, which were collected from patients with Influenza like illness (ILI) in Seoul. The case definition for ILI was a fever over 38degrees C and systemic symptoms such as cough, or sore throat. ILI was the highest, 35.5% at the 20~49 age group and the rate of virus isolation was the highest, 20.6% at the 7~19 age group. Among isolated 74 influenza viruses, four of them were identified as A/H3N2 type in 1999-2000 season, seven of them were A/H3N2 in 2000-2001 season, fourteen were A/H1N1 in the 2001-2002 season and others were subtyped as influenza A/H3N2 viruses in the 2002-2003 season. Influenza viruses were collected 18.9% at Seocho-Gu, 18.8% at Dongjak-Gu and 7.6% at KangbukGu etc. and the isolate rate of virus had the area difference; Gwangjin-Gu 66%, Eunpyeong-Gu 65.6% Gangnam-Gu 20.0%, Kangbuk-Gu 19.6%. These findings may contribute towards the recommondation on the influenza vaccine formulation and development of influenza control measure based on the analyzed data.
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Humans , Cough , Fever , Hospitalization , Influenza Vaccines , Influenza, Human , Orthomyxoviridae , Pharyngitis , Public Health , Seasons , SeoulABSTRACT
AIM: To investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of Tongqiao Huoxue Decoction on the rats of cerebral ischemia. METHODS: Cerebral ischemia madel was established on the basis of cerebral thrombus and at the same time ligaturing bilateral carotid arteries.These models were used to observe the protective effects of Tongqiao Huoxue Decoction on contents of CGRP、ET、IL-1?,TNF? in rats′ cerebral ischemica. RESULTS: The results showed that Tongqiao Huoxue Decoction decreased the contents of IL-1?、TNF-?、 ET,and increased the contents of CGRP. CONCLUSION: Tongqiao Huoxue Decoction had effects on anti-cerebral ischemia.The protective effects of Tongqiao Huoxue Decoction are related to decreasing the contents of IL-1?,TNF-?,ET,and increasing the contents of CGRP.